Wednesday, March 26, 2014

Your Plastic Brain 6—The Dark Side 1


The Collective Brain of a Society—Ethnic Cleansing and Race Hatred

“Curmudge, we’ve already talked about how the brain’s plasticity can help people overcome their disabilities, from autism spectrum disorders to paralysis resulting from strokes.  Now you’re going to tell me that the brain can be manipulated to achieve bad outcomes?  I think that you are just developing a negative streak in your old age.”

“You might be right, Jaded Julie, but at least it’s not part of my name.  As an octogenarian, I have seen, heard, and read a lot of disturbing things from the 1930’s right up to the present.  It’s up to people like me to share our learnings with you young folks from the ‘name’ generations.  Although I was only in preschool in the late 1930’s, I listened to my parents discuss the nightly radio news and could sense their concerns.”

“Okay, Renaissance Man, how are you going to compress 80 years of wisdom into two pages?”

“I’m not going to.  We’ll start; and when we finish a posting we’ll stop, at least temporarily.  As a prologue, we need to realize that negative brain manipulations lie along a continuum ranging from pure evil—with North Korea as an example—to quite trivial, such as promoting loyalty to a particular brand of toilet tissue.  From top to bottom, so to speak.  We’ll start at the top.”

“If you haven’t forgotten, we started at the top four years ago.  We were aghast at the horrors of North Korea in our April 14, 2010 posting in Curmudgeon’s Wastebasket.  I shudder whenever I read it.  So what has changed since then?”

“Not much in the Hermit Kingdom except that their glorious leader is now Kim Jong Un, who had his uncle executed.  And two things of significance occurred in the real world: (a) a report by the United Nations Human Rights Council issued on February 17, 2014 validated the atrocities we already knew about, and (b) you and I better understand the damage done to the brains of North Korean children by their forced indoctrination during the ‘critical period’ of brain development.”

“It’s beyond belief, Curmudge.  The children are taught absolute allegiance to the state and to relinquish all control of their thoughts and actions.  If they report hearing a parent saying anything negative about the government, their whole extended family, including grandparents, are sent to concentration camps where they are tortured and will ultimately starve to death.  It’s in the U.N. report, which is based on public testimony from more than 80 witnesses.  ‘Much of the material is based on firsthand testimony from escapees from this hell on Earth.’ (1) ”

“In our 2010 posting mentioned earlier we referred to the teaching of the ‘unique moral superiority of the Korean race.’  In his recent WSJ article, Eberstadt describes it this way, ‘State-promoted race-hatred is taught alongside worship of the Kim dynasty to every North Korean schoolchild from the earliest age of instruction.’  A result of this teaching is the forced abortion visited upon refugees who have been forcibly returned from China bearing a half-Chinese fetus.  Their unforgivable crime is the defiling of the sacred Korean race.”

“I’m confident Professor, that we’ll cite other examples of atrocities against segments of a population that are viewed as different from what the ruling dictator desires.  Some of those will be historical, but others, like North Korea and Syria, are occurring right now before our very eyes.”

“Right as usual, Julie.  And they are based on training the minds of at least a part of the population that the ‘different’ people deserve ethnic cleansing as in the Kosovo massacres or the ‘Killing Fields’ in Cambodia.”

“But how can a despot train the minds of adults?  It must be different from North Korea where the children are indoctrinated at the earliest possible age.”

“They use propaganda, Julie, that favors the ruling class and is directed against everybody else.  In the 1930’s Hitler’s Propaganda Minister, Joseph Goebbels, blamed all of Germany’s ills on their Jewish citizens.  When one repeatedly proclaims a doctrine as unquestionably true, it becomes dogma.”

“Dogma?  Isn’t that the stuff that goes in the plastic bag that I carry when I take Fido for his morning walk?”

“Sometimes, but in this case it convinced many Germans to become Nazis, Storm Troopers, and Hitler Youth and to believe Hitler’s raging that, ‘We are the Master Race.’  This led to concentration camps and the Holocaust in the 1940’s. 
So then as well as now, vicious leaders attempt to warp the brains of their followers into believing that non-conformers are a form of subhuman species.”

“I must have lived a sheltered life, Curmudge.  The whole concept of a person’s brain accepting the idea of ethnic cleansing is more than I can fathom.”

“Thankfully, Julie, my life as a child in the late 30’s and early 40’s was thousands of miles from the horrors occurring in Europe.  However, we children were close enough to learn this little song, ‘When the Fuhrer says he is the Master Race, it’s heil pfutt, heil pfutt right in the Fuhrer’s face.’  And as we were singing that silly song, our parents were not fully aware of Hitler’s Final Solution.“

“I hope, Mr. Historian, that our next discussion of the brain’s dark side will be less upsetting.  Meanwhile, let’s make a pot of ginger tea to settle my stomach.” 

Kaizen Curmudgeon

(1) Eberstadt, Nicholas.  Time for the ‘Never Agains’ on North Korea. Wall Street Journal, p. A13, February 19, 2014.
  
Link to posting from blog archives: Brand and Generic Drug Names 5/14/09 http://kaizencurmudgeon.blogspot.com/2009/05/prescription-drugs-brand-and-generic.html


Wednesday, March 19, 2014

Your Plastic Brain 5—The Future?


“Hey, Curmudge, I though we had wrapped up our brain plasticity discussions several weeks ago.  But then we had Even More Applications, and here we are back at it again to look into the future.”

“Sorry, Julie.  My self-control must have gone kaput.  I couldn’t resist looking into the on-going and near-future research at places like the Stanford Institute for Neuro-Innovation & Translational Neurosciences (SINTN).  SINTN is divided into five interrelated, interdisciplinary initiatives.  To provide a flavor of their work, I’ll quote a sentence about some of the initiatives from their website.

Neuroengineering: ‘Scientists are learning how to use technology to restore brain circuit abnormalities resulting from stroke, degenerative disease, or even depression.’

 Neurodegeneration and Regeneration: ‘Many terrible diseases of the nervous system involve massive neuron loss. Researchers are discovering that there are a lot of similarities in the way that those neurons are lost in disorders as disparate as Parkinson’s, Alzheimer’s, Huntington’s, and Lou Gehrig’s diseases, blindness by macular degeneration, and even spinal cord injury.’

Neurobiology of Cognitive and Developmental Defects: ‘The development of the brain is one of nature’s most remarkable accomplishments, involving a complex orchestration of genetic mechanisms and environmental influences during infancy and childhood. When neurodevelopment goes wrong, cognitive disorders result, ranging from problems in learning and memory to difficulties recognizing normal social cues. The most common of these disorders are the autism spectrum disorders.’

Neural Plasticity and Repair: ‘Parkinson’s disease research is pushing forward on many fronts. Engineering and computational neuroscience are dovetailing with traditional and innovative models of the disease process in Parkinson’s. Treatments on the horizon include electrical and optical stimulation, gene therapy, and stem cell transplantation.’

Neuroscience and Society: ‘As part of its pursuit of advanced neuroscience research, SINTN scientists study neuroscience in a broader social context. Such research has the power to help us understand and harness positive qualities like the power of compassion and altruism, at the same time as we avoid negative implications of our growing neuroscientific understanding.’ “

“Gosh, Professor, one would expect that in a hot, relatively new area like neuroscience there would be research underway at universities in the East.”

“And there is, Julie, at the McGovern Institute for Brain Research at MIT.  Their research is organized around three broad themes: Perception, Cognition, and Action with several faculty members in each area.  Furthermore, to illustrate the interest in brain studies even to undergraduates, the faculty of Lawrence University here in Appleton recently approved creating a major and minor in neuroscience.”

“Wow, Curmudge, those are all impressive and ambitious undertakings.  And speaking of neuroscience and society, here’s a story that one of our editors told us about.  It’s based on a 2013 TED talk by Daniel Reisel.  MRI scans of psychopathic murderers had a deficient amygdala, which likely led to their lack of empathy and their immoral behavior.  Reisel’s subsequent work with mice revealed that those kept in a shoebox lost their ability to bond with other mice.  However, mice kept in an enriched environment showed growth of new brain cells and connections and performed better on learning and memory tasks.  Perhaps for humans, according to Reisel, we should consider rehabilitation programs such as Restorative Justice instead of incarceration for perpetrators.”

“Julie, I remain totally impressed by the scope of fundamental and applied research underway on brain plasticity.  A lot of this won’t help those of my generation, but it should really pay off for our grandchildren.”

“Old Guy, I must congratulate you for tackling topics that were much less significant 60 years ago when you were a student.”

“To set the record straight, Dear Colleague, the congrats must go to the younger members of our editorial board.  Doc Mack ignited our thinking about alternative medicine, and Elizabeth put us on the path to neuroscience.  And don’t go away; in the near future we’ll talk about some of the more sinister applications of neuroplasticity.”

“Never fear, Quixote, Sancho Panza will be with you until the snow melts.”
     
Kaizen Curmudgeon

Link to posting from blog archives: Amazing Devices 4—ultrasound, electronic stethoscope 9/09/10 http://kaizencurmudgeon.blogspot.com/2010/09/amazing-devices-4.html

Wednesday, March 12, 2014

Sorry, Mrs. Curmudgeon


“Hey, Curmudge, what’s with the title?  I was anticipating more discussion on neuroplasticity.”

“That will be delayed a bit, Julie.  I encountered an editorial in the Wall Street Journal (3/03/14) that dumps on the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for their handling of a drug that is effective against idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF).”

“Oo, that’s the disease that killed Mrs. Curmudgeon in January 2011.”

“Right.  That plus a generous dollop of pneumonia as the coup de grâce.  Actually, we’re not completely certain which was the ultimate culprit, but I’m always on the alert for articles on pulmonary fibrosis.”

“So what did the Journal say, Old Guy?  Whatever it was, it seems to have stoked your boiler.”

“A small biotech firm called InterMune released the results from a third randomized controlled (Phase III) trial of pirfenidone.  The FDA ruled that the results of the first two trials were insufficient for approval and demanded the third.
Trial details, showing a delay in the decline of patients’ lung function and a prolonging of life, are shown in the InterMune website.  Furthermore, the Journal said that pirfenidone had been available in Japan since 2008, in the EU since 2011, and Canada since 2012.”

“You recall, Professor, that in our earlier postings we discussed clinical trials and searching the medical literature. Then more recently we mentioned the challenges of diagnosing and treating your wife’s disease.  One pathologist (local) said it was nonspecific interstitial pneumonia (treatable) and the other (at Mayo Clinic) said it was idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (fatal).”

“For whatever disease it was, the treatment prescribed was that which was recommended by the American Thoracic Society in 2000 for idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis.  That was a combination of a corticosteroid (prednisone) and an immunosuppressant agent (Imuran) which, by the way, was never evaluated in a randomized, placebo-controlled trial.”       

“I would bet, Curmudge, that these meds mucked up your wife’s resistance to her subsequent case of pneumonia.”

“Very likely.  So I began scouring the literature in search of a better med for IPF, and I learned of trials of many classes of potentially valuable compounds. (1) When I asked about this work in the fall of 2010, the response from the local medical community was that nothing looked very promising.”

“But that response was out of date, Old Guy.  A report from a meeting on May 17, 2009—over a year before your question—was titled, Pirfenidone shows promise for idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis.  And there was a Cochrane Review (2), updated July 7, 2010, that concluded, ‘pirfenidone appears to improve progression-free survival and, to a lesser extent, pulmonary function in patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis.’ “

“You know, Julie, even if everyone had known about pirfenidone, there wasn’t much that could have been done without FDA approval.  And according to the Journal, that hasn’t been achieved even yet.  The only possibility would have been to enroll Mrs. Curmudgeon in the next trial.”

“So what’s the bottom line, Old Widower?  We can’t bring her back to life.”

“I guess I should apologize to her ghost.  On behalf of myself for not raising more hell with the medical community, on behalf of the medical community for being behind the curve in reading the literature, and on behalf of the FDA for being self-serving, foot-dragging bureaucrats.  Sorry about that, Mrs. Curmudgeon.”

Kaizen Curmudgeon
                      
1.    http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/301226-medication  The report at this site accessed in 2010 is no longer available.
2.    Spagnolo, P., et al. Non-steroid agents for idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2010, Issue 9, Art. No. : CD003134.  First published online: July 21, 2003.  Last assessed as up-to-date: July 27, 2010.

P.S.—In the Letters to the Editor section of today’s Wall Street Journal (3/12/14, p. A18) L. Salzman states, “My dad took pirfenidone during the last two years of his life.  He believed, as I do, that it dramatically slowed his pulmonary fibrosis…  He couldn’t travel regularly to Japan, where the drug is approved, due to his health, so he bought it online—a crime.”  “…on one occasion his medicine was seized by U.S. Customs, leaving him without the drug for nearly a month during which time his condition took a rapid turn for the worse.”    

Link to posting from blog archives: A day in a hospital in Prague 4/23/09

Wednesday, March 5, 2014

Your Plastic Brain 4—Even More Applications


“You know, Curmudge, the thing I appreciate about the neuroscientists we have studied is that they put their research findings right to work helping people.  Researchers like Merzenich, Bach-y-Rita, Taub , Pulvermüller, Ramachandran, and others mentioned in our earlier postings.  And the more we surf, the more we find.”

“Right as usual, Julie.  Just last week I learned of the Center for BrainHealth at The University of Texas at Dallas.  These quotations describe their findings: ‘This research shows that neuroplasticity can be harnessed to enhance brain performance and provides hope for individuals to improve their own mental capacity and cognitive brain health by habitually exercising higher-order thinking strategies no matter their age.’ ‘The study (on individuals aged 56 to 71 using MRI techniques) found that one-hour sessions of directed brain training per week for 12 weeks can alter brain function, inducing increased blood flow, enhanced information communication across key brain regions, and expansion of the structural connections between brain regions related to new learning.’ “

“That’s what our earlier reading would forecast, Old Guy.  It’s nice of the folks in Dallas to prove it.  They also said, ‘With upwards of 8 percent increase in brain blood flow, this research shows that participants are regaining measurable brain health. The brain and cognitive gains may help achieve a younger working brain with all the benefits of rich experience, knowledge base and wisdom as manifested in an older brain.’ “

“Wisdom.  Older brain.  That’s what I keep telling people, but they just regard my  comments as the ranting of an old geezer.  Go you Texas Longhorns!  I like what you say, but I do wish you would tell us the specifics of your brain exercises.”

“They do provide a Brain Fitness Plan for people of all ages, Curmudge.  It is described by Sandra Bond Chapman, director of the Center for BrainHealth.  ‘Making our brains stronger, healthier, and more productive requires changing the way we use them every day.’  Here is what she suggests: ‘Quiet you mind.  Take a break from whatever you’re doing five times a day for at least five minutes to reset your brain.  Translate your world.  Move away from uninspired thinking.  Synthesized thinking strengthens the connections between different areas of our brains.  Stop multi-tasking.  Allow your focus to be uninterrupted for at least 15 minutes at a time.  Move your feet.  Aerobic exercise that elevates your heart rate at least three times a week elevates blood flow to key memory centers.’ “

“Here’s some related advice for people of all ages who don’t want their brain or body to die young.  It’s from a doc at the University of Southern California.  ‘Get off your butt more.  Take your calls standing up.  Procrastinate once in a while.  Take timeouts throughout the day.  Trade alcohol for sweat.  Skip happy hour and go to the gym.  Check your e-mail less frequently.  The average working professional spends roughly 23 percent of the workday on e-mail.  Eat like your dog—at the same time every day.  If you don’t eat when your body anticipates food, it will sabotage your efforts to lose or maintain an ideal weight.’ “

“Hey, Professor, it’s great to learn something of value to someone who is not demonstrably ill, like me, as well as to someone who is demonstrably old, like you.”

“Julie, you sure know how to make a person feel good.  You are right, of course.  So let’s move on to another topic related to neuroplasticity.  The subjects are LSVT LOUD and LSVT BIG.”

“I detect an acronym.  Please explain.”

“LSVT is Lee Silverman Voice Treatment.  It is discussed in a review article by Fox et al. (1)  ‘Recent advances in neuroscience have suggested that exercise-based behavioral treatments my improve function and possibly slow progression of motor symptoms in individuals with Parkinson disease.’  LSVT LOUD and LSVT BIG are focused, respectively, on the speech motor system and the limb motor systems. ‘The unique aspects of the LSVT Programs include the combination of (a) an exclusive target on increasing amplitude (loudness in the speech motor system; bigger movements in the limb motor system), (b) a focus on sensory recalibration to help patients recognize that movements with increased amplitude are within normal limits, even if they feel “too loud” or “too big,” and (c) training self-cueing and attention to action to facilitate long-term maintenance of treatment outcomes. In addition, the intensive mode of delivery is consistent with principles that drive activity-dependent neuroplasticity and motor learning.’ “

“You wanted more specific exercises, Professor, and you’ll find them in Table 1 of that review article.  One will, however, need a certified LSVT therapist for interpretation and demonstration.  The paper does make the standardized intensity pretty clear: ‘Dosage: 4 consecutive days per week for 4 weeks.  Repetitions: minimum 15 reps/task for LOUD or 8-16 reps/task for BIG.  Effort: Push for maximum patient-perceived effort each day.’ “

“We haven’t made it very clear in our postings, Julie, but every one of the brain-and-computer or brain-and-muscle exercises that we have mentioned requires the patient’s maximum dedication and effort.  These activities don’t pay off without a lot of hard work.”

“And finally, Curmudge, one doesn’t have to go far to obtain the benefits of LSVT LOUD or BIG.  They are practiced by LSVT-certified clinicians in the St. Elizabeth Hospital Rehabilitation Department and at the Neuroscience Group in Neenah.  Tell your neighbors in the old folks home.”

“How many times do I have to tell you, young lady?  It’s not ‘the old folks home.’  And by the way, be sure to come back for our next discussion on neuroplasticity.  It will be an exploration of neuroplasticity research with a peek into the future.”

Kaizen Curmudgeon      

(1)  Fox, C., Ebersbach, G.,  Ramig, L. and Sapir, S.  Parkinson’s Disease Vol. 2012 (2012), Article ID 391946, 12
       
Link to posting from blog archives: Amazing Devices—Autoanalyzer, pulse oximeter8/05/10 http://kaizencurmudgeon.blogspot.com/2010/08/amazing-devices.html